UCSD NASA Lab - People - G. Kim Prisk

	Kim Prisk, Ph.D., D.Sc.
	Professor UCSD Departments of Medicine and Radiology 9500 Gilman Dr., 0931 La Jolla, CA 92093-0931 Email:

Education
University of Canterbury, New Zealand	B.Sc.(Hons)	1977	Physics
University of Canterbury, New Zealand	M.Sc.	1979	Ionospheric Physics
University of Otago, New Zealand	Ph.D.	1983	Pulmonary Physiology
University of Otago, New Zealand	D.Sc.	2003	Pulmonary Physiology

	Research & Professional Experience
	1980‑83	Scientific Officer, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Canterbury Hospital Board, Christchurch, NZ.
	1983‑85	Post Graduate Research Physiologist, Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Univ. California, San Diego
	1985-93	Assistant Research Physiologist, Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Univ. California, San Diego
	1993-95	Associate Research Physiologist, Section of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Univ. California, San Diego
	1995-99	Associate Adjunct Professor, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Univ. California, San Diego
	1999-	Professor, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Univ. California, San Diego
	2006-	Professor Department of Radiology, Univ. California, San Diego
	Honors and Awards
	1979	Medical Research Council of New Zealand: Postgraduate Scholarship.
	1991	NASA Group Achievement Award
	1994	NASA Group Achievement Award
	1997	Space Act Award
	2005	Elected Fellow - American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering - AIMBE
	2007	Elected Senior Member – Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers – IEEE
	2007	Honorary Member, Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Scientists

Research Focus

The scientific focus of my research career has been the understanding of the effects of gravity on the lung. This has developed into three overlapping areas of scientific investigation.

Direct studies of the effects of gravity on the lung.
This work has been the central focus of most of my career. The lung is greatly influenced by gravity, and so direct studies performed in the absence of gravity provide an ideal means to investigate this. I have been directly involved in almost all of the studies of lung function performed in space since the Shuttle began flying. These have included studies on SLS-1 (STS-40), SLS-2 (STS-58), LMS (STS-78) and Neurolab (STS-90) in which our team was the primary experimenter, and studies on D-2 (STS-55), ST-95 and STS-107 on which we were co-investigators.

Aerosol transport in the lung and the influence of gravity.
The second focus has been that of understanding aerosol transport in the lung, and the influence of gravity on these processes. As gravitational sedimentation plays critical role in the deposition of small and medium sized particles, studies in reduced gravity provide a means of probing these effects. These studies, first begun in 1995 have exclusively used the NASA Reduced Gravity Aircraft to provide short periods of reduced gravity experimental time, which are well-suited to theses studies. More recently, the increased interest in the problems associated with lunar dust in a reduced gravity environment (1/6G) have resulted in an expansion of these studies.

Quantitative MRI of the lung.
My most recent focus is that of using MRI to make quantitative functional measurements in the human lung of blood flow. MRI is traditionally not used in the lung because of low proton density and magnetic susceptibility artifacts. My colleagues and I have pioneered this new approach to lung imaging, free of radiation dose and so ideally suited to physiological studies, and this imaging modality is now being utilized in our studies pertaining to the development and effects of pulmonary interstitial edema.

Research Projects

Aerosol deposition in the lung in fractional gravity: Risk mitigation for Lunar and Martian habitats
National Space Biomedical Research Institute
The major goal of this work is to measure and predict aerosol deposition in the periphery of the lung in hypogravity environments.

Effect of pulmonary interstitial edema on gas exchange
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
The major goal of this project is to induce pulmonary interstitial edema in humans, and to determine the effects on gas exchange.

Other Studies
Chantal Darquenne: Modeling of aerosol transport in alveolated airways
Susan R. Hopkins: Lung perfusion heterogeneity and mechanisms of edema
David Dubowitz: Cerebral response to sustained hypoxia
Chantal Darquenne: Quantitative MRI-based assessment of aerosol deposition in the lung

Publications

1. Bates, J.H.T., G.K. Prisk, T.E. Tanner and A.E. McKinnon. Correcting for the dynamic response of a respiratory mass spectrometer. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiration Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 55(3): 1015-1022, 1983.

2. Bates, J.H.T., G.K. Prisk, T.E. Tanner and A.E. McKinnon. Characterizing and correcting for the dynamic response of a bag-in-box system. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiration Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 56(1): 254-258, 1984.

3. Prisk, G.K., and A.E. McKinnon. A modelling approach to the estimation of CO diffusing capacity. J. Appl. Physiol. 62(1): 373-380, 1987.

4. Prisk, G.K. and A.E. McKinnon. Estimation of the amount of stationary pulmonary blood from carbon monoxide uptake measurements. J. Appl. Physiol. 63(3): 1303-1308, 1987.

5. Davis, F.M., M.P. Graves, H.J.B. Guy, G.K. Prisk and T.E. Tanner. Carbon dioxide response and breath-hold times in underwater hockey players. Undersea Biomed. Res. 14(6): 527-534, 1987.

6. Tomioka, S., S. Kubo, H.J.B. Guy, and G.K. Prisk. Influence of collateral ventilation on single-breath washout curves. J. Appl. Physiol. 64(1): 429-434, 1988.

7. Tomioka, Shinichi, Susumo Kubo, Harold J.B.Guy, and G.K. Prisk. Gravitational independence of single breath washout tests in recumbent dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 64(2): 642-648, 1988.

8. Guy, H.J., G.K. Prisk and J.B. West. Pulmonary function in microgravity: Spacelab 4 and beyond. Acta Astronautica 17(10): 1139-1143, 1988.

9. Guy, H.J.B., G.K. Prisk, A.R. Elliott, and J.B. West. Maximum expiratory flow-volume curves during short periods of microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 70(6): 2587-2596, 1991.

10. Hempleman, S.C., F. L. Powell, and G.K. Prisk. Avian arterial chemoreceptor responses to steps of CO2 and O2. Respir. Physiol. 90:325-340, 1992.

11. Prisk, G.K., H.J.B. Guy, A.R. Elliott, R.A. Deutschman III, and J.B. West. Pulmonary diffusing capacity, capillary blood volume and cardiac output during sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol., 75:15-26, 1993.

12. Guy, H.J.B., G.K. Prisk, A.R. Elliott, R.A. Deutschman III, and J.B. West. Inhomogeneity of pulmonary ventilation during sustained microgravity as determined by single-breath washouts. J. Appl. Physiol., 76: 1719-1729, 1994.

13. Prisk, G.K., H.J.B. Guy, A.R. Elliott, and J.B. West. Inhomogeneity of pulmonary perfusion during sustained microgravity on Spacelab SLS-1. J. Appl. Physiol., 76: 1730-1738, 1994.

14. Elliott, A.R. G.K. Prisk, H.J.B. Guy, and J.B. West. Lung volumes during sustained microgravity on Spacelab SLS-1. J. Appl. Physiol., 77:2005-2014, 1994.

15. Prisk, G.K., H.J.B. Guy, A.R. Elliott, M. Paiva, and J.B. West. Ventilatory inhomogeneity determined from multiple breath washouts during sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 78:597-607, 1995.

16. Prisk, G.K., A.R. Elliott, H.J.B. Guy, J.M. Kosonen, and J.B. West. Pulmonary gas exchange and its determinants during sustained microgravity on Spacelabs SLS-1 and SLS-2. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1290-1298, 1995.

17. Prisk, G.K., A.-M. Lauzon, S. Verbanck, A.R. Elliott, H.J.B. Guy, M. Paiva, and J.B. West. Anomalous behavior of helium and sulfur hexaflouride during single-breath tests in sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:1126-1132, 1996.

18. Verbanck, S., D. Linnarsson, G.K. Prisk, and M. Paiva. Specific ventilation distribution in microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:1458-1465, 1996.

19. West, J.B., H.J.B. Guy, A.R. Elliott, and G.K. Prisk. Respiratory system in microgravity. The Handbook of Physiology Section 4: Environmental Physiology. M.J. Fregly and C.M. Blatteis (eds). New York, Oxford University Press. pp. 675-689, 1996.

20. Elliott, A.R., G.K. Prisk, H.J.B. Guy, J. M. Kosonen, and J.B. West. Forced expirations and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves during sustained microgravity on SLS-1. J. Appl. Physiol., 81:33-43, 1996.

21. Lauzon, A.-M., G.K. Prisk, A.R. Elliott, S. Verbanck, M. Paiva, and J.B. West. Paradoxical helium and sulfur hexafluoride single-breath washouts in short-term vs. sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:859-865, 1997.

22. West, J.B., A.R. Elliott, H.J.B. Guy, and G. K. Prisk. Pulmonary function in space. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 277:1957-1961, 1997.

23. Verbanck, S., H. Larsson, D. Linnarsson, G.K. Prisk, J.B. West, and M. Paiva. Pulmonary tissue volume, cardiac output, and diffusing capacity in sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83:810-816, 1997

24. Darquenne, C., M. Paiva, J.B. West and G.K. Prisk. Effect of microgravity and hypergravity on deposition of 0.5 to 3 mm-diameter aerosol in the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 83:2029-2036, 1997.

25. Prisk, G.K. , A.R. Elliott, H.J.B. Guy, S. Verbanck, M. Paiva, and J.B. West. Multiple-breath washin of helium and sulfur hexafluoride in sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84:244-252, 1998.

26. Lauzon, A.-M., A.R. Elliott, M. Paiva, J.B. West and G.K. Prisk. Cardiogenic oscillation phase relationships during single-breath tests performed in microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84:661-668, 1998.

27. Elliott, A.R., G. K. Prisk, C. Schöllmann, and U. Hoffmann. Part Two: Hypercapnic ventilatory response in humans before, during and after 23 days of low level CO₂ exposure. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 69:391-396, 1998.

28. Wantier, M., M. Estenne, S. Verbanck. G.K. Prisk, and M. Paiva. Chest wall mechanics in sustained microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84:2060-2065, 1998.

29. Darquenne, C., J.B. West, and G.K. Prisk. Deposition and dispersion of 1 mm aerosol boluses in the human lung: Effect of micro- and hypergravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:1252-1259, 1998.

30. Darquenne, C., J.B. West, and G.K. Prisk. Dispersion of 0.5-2-mm aerosol in mG and hypergravity as a probe of convective inhomogeneity in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:1402-1409, 1999.

31. Verbanck, S., C. Darquenne, G.K. Prisk, W. Vincken, and M. Paiva. A source of experimental underestimation of aerosol bolus deposition. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:1067-1074, 1999.

32. Dutrieue, B., A.-M. Lauzon, S. Verbanck, A.R. Elliott, J.B. West, M. Paiva, and G.K. Prisk. Helium and sulfur hexafluoride bolus washin in short-term microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:1594-1602, 1999.

33. Prisk, G.K., A.R. Elliott, and J.B. West. Sustained microgravity reduces the human ventilatory response to hypoxia but not hypercapnia. J. Appl. Physiol. 88:1421-1430, 2000.

34. Prisk, G.K. Invited review: Microgravity and the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 89: 385-396, 2000.

35. Darquenne, C., M. Paiva, and G. K. Prisk. Effect of gravity on aerosol dispersion and deposition in the human lung after periods of breath-holding. J.Appl. Physiol. 89: 1787-1792, 2000.

36. McElroy, M., A. Gerard, F.L. Powell, G.K. Prisk, N. Sentse, S. Holverda and J.B. West. Nocturnal O2 enrichment of room air at high altitude increases daytime O2 Saturation without changing control of ventilation. High Altitude Med and Biol. 1: 197-206, 2000.

37. Y. Verbandt, M. Wantier, G. K. Prisk, and M. Paiva. Ventilation-perfusion matching in long-term microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 89: 2407-2412.

38. Elliott, A.R., S.A. Shea, D-J. Dijk, J.K. Wyatt, E. Riel, D.F. Neri, C.A. Cziesler, J.B. West, and G.K. Prisk. Microgravity reduces sleep-disordered breathing in normal humans. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164: 478-485, 2001.

39. Dijk, D-J, D.F. Neri, J.K. Wyatt, J.M. Ronda, E. Riel, A. Ritz-de Cecco, R.J. Hughes, A.R. Elliott, G.K. Prisk, J.B. West, and C.A. Czesiler. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 281: R1647-R1664, 2001

40. Prisk, G.K., S. Verhaeghe, D. Padeken, H. Hamacher, and M. Paiva. Three-dimensional ballistocardiography and respiratory motion in sustained microgravity. Aviat. Space and Envir. Med. 72: 1067-1074, 2001.

41. Barash, I.A., C. Beatty, F.L. Powell, G.K. Prisk, and J.B. West. Nocturnal oxygen enrichment of room air at 3800 meter altitude improves sleep architecture. High Altitude Med and Biol. 2: 525-533, 2001.

42. Prisk, G.K., J.M. Fine, A.R. Elliott, and J.B. West. Effect of 6-degree head-down tilt on cardiopulmonary function: Comparison with microgravity. Aviat. Space and Envir. Med. 73:8-16, 2002.

43. Prisk, G.K., M.Paiva, and J.B. West (eds.) Gravity and the lung: Lessons from microgravity. New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2001

44. Mills, C.N., C. Darquenne, and G.K. Prisk. Mode shift of an inhaled aerosol bolus is correlated with flow sequencing in the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 92: 1232-1238, 2002

45. Prisk, G.K., J. Hammer, and C.J.L. Newth. Techniques for the measurement of thoracoabdominal asynchrony. Pediatr. Pulmon. 34: 462-674, 2002.

46. Dutrieue, B., M. Paiva, S. Verbanck, M. LeGouic, C. Darquenne, and G.K. Prisk. Tidal volume single-breath washin of SF₆and CH₄ in transient microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 94: 75-82, 2003.

47. Migeotte, P-F., G.K. Prisk, and M. Paiva. Microgravity alters respiratory sinus arrhythmia and short-term heart rate variability in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 284: H1995-H2006, 2003.

48. Darquenne, C. and G.K. Prisk. Effect of gravitational sedimentation on simulated aerosol dispersion in the human acinus. J. Aerosol Sci. 34: 405-418, 2003.

49. Prisk, G.K., H.J.B. Guy, J.B. West, and J.W. Reed. Validation of measurements of ventilation-to-perfusion ratio inequality in the lung from expired gas. J. Appl. Physiol. 94: 1186-1192, 2003.

50. Olfert, I.M. and G.K. Prisk. Effect of 60-degree head-down tilt on peripheral gas mixing in the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 97: 827-834, 2004.

51. Darquenne, C. and G.K. Prisk. Aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract breathing air and 80:20 heliox. J. Aerosol Med. 17:278-285, 2004.

52. Darquenne, C. and G.K. Prisk. Effect of small flow reversals on aerosol mixing in the alveolar region of the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 97: 2083-2089, 2004.

53. Thompson, B.R., G.K. Prisk, P. Peyton, R.J. Pierce, and P.D. Rochford. Inhomogeneity of ventilation leads to unpredictable errors in DLCO. Respir. Physiol. & Neurobiol. 146: 205-214, 2005.

54. Darquenne, C., and G.K. Prisk. Aerosols in the study of convective acinar mixing. Respir. Physiol. & Neurobiol. 148: 207-216, 2005.

55. Dutrieue, B., S. Verbanck, C. Darquenne, and G.K. Prisk. Airway closure in microgravity. Respir. Physiol. & Neurobiol. 148:97-111, 2005.

56. Prisk, G.K., J.M. Fine, T.K. Cooper, and J.B. West. Pulmonary gas exchange is not impaired 24-hours following extra-vehicular activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 2233-2238, 2005.

57. Prisk, G.K. The lung in space. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 26: 415-438, 2005.

58. Harrington, L., G.K. Prisk, C. Darquenne. Importance of the bifurcation zone and branch orientation in simulated aerosol deposition in the alveolar zone of the human lung. J. Aerosol Sci. 37: 37-62, 2005.

59. Prisk, G.K. The respiratory system in space. Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine. G.J. Laurent and S.D. Shapiro (eds.), Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Vol 4, 113-119, 2006

60. Prisk, G.K., J.M Fine, T,K. Cooper and J,B. West. Vital Capacity, Respiratory Muscle Strength and Pulmonary Gas Exchange during Long-Duration Exposure to Microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 101: 439-447, 2006

61. Henderson, A.C., D.L. Levin, S.R. Hopkins, I.M. Olfert, R.B. Buxton, and G.K. Prisk. Steep head-down tilt has persisting effects on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 101: 583-589, 2006

62. Hopkins, S.R., A.C. Henderson, D.L. Levin, K. Yamada, T, Arai, R.B. Buxton, and G.K. Prisk. Vertical gradients in regional lung density and perfusion in the supine human lung: The Slinky effect. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 240-248, 2007

63. Kleinsasser, A.T., I.M. Olfert, A. Loeckinger, G.K. Prisk, S.R. Hopkins, and P.D. Wagner. Tidal volume dependency of gas exchange in bronchoconstricted pig lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 148-155, 2007

64. Jarvis, S.S., B.D. Levine, G.K. Prisk, B.E. Shykoff, A.R. Elliott, E. Rosow, C.G. Blomqvist, and J.A. Pawelczyk. Simultaneous determination of the accuracy and precision of closed-circuit cardiac output rebreathing techniques. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 867-874, 2007.

65. Prisk, G.K., K. Yamada, A.C. Henderson, T, Arai, D.L. Levin, R.B. Buxton, and S.R. Hopkins. Pulmonary perfusion in the prone and supine postures in the normal human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 883-894, 2007.

66. Cnockaert, L., P.F. Migeotte, L. Daubigny, G.K. Prisk, F. Grenez, R.C. Sa. A method for the analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia using continuous wavelet transforms. IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng. In Press, 2007

67. Peterson, J.B., G.K. Prisk, and C.Darquenne. Aerosol deposition in the human lung periphery is increased by reduced-density gas breathing. J. Aerosol Med., In Press, 2007